Every year, we set aside a couple days in October to study some aspect of the Protestant Reformation. My intent this year was to study the English Reformation and focus on the men who were at one time or another associated with the study group at the White Horse Inn in Cambridge. As I began preparing for this study, however, I quickly realized that we could not adequately cover all of the men associated with the White Horse Inn in a day or two. So I decided to narrow our focus to two men: Thomas Bilney and William Tyndale.
LMH was given the assignment of writing about Bilney's conversion (here). SJH wrote about Bilney's first trial and his abjuration (here), and ASH wrote about Bilney's last trial and execution (here). For background information, I gave them each excerpts from J. H. Merle D'Aubigne's History of the Reformation and a Wikipedia article about Bilney.
Since SJH had previously written a biographical essay of William Tyndale (here), I gave KGH the unusual assignment of writing a fictional story about William Tyndale's days with the Walsh family from the perspective of Catherine Walsh (here).* I contributed an essay about the role of the Word of God in the English Reformation (here).
In addition to their writing assignments, LMH, SJH, and ASH worked on other projects as well. LMH took a hymn (Trinity Hymnal #299) and set it to a new tune. SJH illuminated I Chronicles 16:34, and ASH prepared a polyglot version of I Timothy 1:15 in Greek, Latin, and Tyndale's English.
Because of a death in the family, we had to forego our usual afternoon of Medieval games.
*J.H. Merle D'Aubigne writes that William Tyndale was hired by Sir John Walsh to tutor his two small sons. However, according to Ancestry.com, Sir John Walsh married Ann Dinley, and together they had four children: Catherine (1510), Maurice (1515), Ann (1515), and Mabell (1517). After Ann Dinley Walsh died, Sir John married Anne Pointz, and together they had one daughter, Margaret (1525).
Friday, October 29, 2010
The Tutor's Faith - Historical Fiction
by: KGH, 2010*
A long time ago, a girl of twelve lived with her family in a large estate called Little Sodbury Manor. That girl was me, Catherine Huntley. Of course, I was Catherine Walsh then, the daughter of the brave night, Sir John Walsh. I can remember one day when I was sitting on the banks of the Severn River……….
The wind lifted my hair behind me. I closed my eyes. The tall grass beside me swayed. Everything was perfect. I opened my eyes and saw my beautiful home standing on a hill. It was tall, big, and sturdy. I was about to close my eyes again when I saw my father riding up the long driveway on his horse. He had gone to the village to see another man. I never asked him about his business. It wasn’t proper for young ladies to worry about such things. Another man rode beside him. I sat up trying to get a better view. The man was no ordinary man. He wasn’t wearing fancy clothes like all the other guests that stayed at Little Sodbury. He was plain, rather tall, and skinny.
When they reached the front of the house, Joseph, the stable boy, took the horses, and Father and the other man went inside. I immediately sprang up. I wanted to know who this man was. I raced through the tall grass and into my yard. When I reached the house, I walked in carefully. If my stepmother, Lady Anne Walsh, found me running, it would not be good. I walked through the long halls until I reached the parlor. Being careful not to be seen, I sneaked over to the huge plant at the entrance of the room. It was a great place to hide. Father seated the man on the comfortable chair in the middle of the room. Mother came into the room and curtsied politely to the man. This made me even more curious.
“Master William, ‘tis lovely that you have accepted my husband’s offer to become our children’s tutor,” she said smiling. I gasped. Our tutor! I didn’t like the way he looked, talked or anything about him! We didn’t need a tutor! I was so taken by surprise, I almost jumped up from behind the plant. When Father said that he would like to introduce Master William to the children, I didn’t know what to do. They left the room and I hurried down the hall after them.
“Oh, Catherine dear, there you are. I would like you to meet your new tutor, Master William Tyndale.” Mother said, gesturing to the teacher.
“How do you do?” I said halfheartedly.
“Quite well, thank you,” he said, a huge grin spreading across his face. After Father and Mother had introduced him to the other children, Mother suggested that I have my first lesson. I heartily agreed, but it was very hard not to show my disappointment. You see, it was such a beautiful day, and I wanted to spend it all outdoors, not in a boring library. Master William walked into the library and went to one of the many bookshelves. He scanned the shelves and finally said, “Here it is!” He took a book off the shelf and sat down at the desk. He looked at me and saw my glum face.
“You know, I bet you like nature. I can see it all over your face,” he said. I looked up.
“How did you know?” I asked, somewhat impressed.
“Because I can clearly see that you’d rather be outside enjoying this glorious day than sitting here learning your lessons,” he chuckled. He already seemed to know me.
“Well, Master William, you are correct,” I said smiling. He got up from his seat and went to the door.
“Master William?” I asked. “Aren’t we going to have my lessons?”
“Yes, of course. But how about outside?” he asked. I couldn’t believe my ears. My tutor, suggesting that we go outside for lessons?
“Miss Catherine?” he asked, seeing my surprised face.
“Oh, yes! I would love to go outside!” I jumped up from my seat and followed him through the door. Mother was just coming down the hall when we were leaving the library.
“Master William,” she said catching up to us. “Where are you going? Are you done with lessons all ready?” she asked.
“Certainly not, Lady Walsh,” he smiled. “For this is just the beginning.” I couldn’t help but laugh, seeing my Mother’s puzzled expression. Right then, I decided that maybe Master William wasn’t so bad after all.
Sitting under the apple tree near the Severn River was our regular spot for lessons. We’d munch on apples and learn about science. We’d munch on apples and learn about arithmetic. But most of all, we’d munch on apples, and he would tell me stories from the Bible. He was very good at that. He would tell me stories that I had heard in church before, but when he told them, it was different. They sounded so wonderful with his dynamic voice. It would rise and fall so beautifully.
One evening, I was in the dining room, talking to Alice, one of the maids. But suddenly, I heard voices in the hall. I knew it was Father’s guests. I couldn’t run out of the dining room and let them see me, so I hid. I dashed behind one of the lounge chairs in the corner. When everyone came in, I peered from behind the seat to see who was here. There were some men I had seen from around the neighborhood, several abbots, deans, monks, and doctors. Then I saw Master William who was sitting at the most humble place at the table with his New Testament in reach. The conversation went on, and I was quite bored until, I heard one of the priests remark about Master William’s Bible.
“Your Scriptures only serve to make heretics,” he cried.
“On the contrary,” Master William said. “The source of all heresies is pride; now the Word of God strips man of everything, and leaves him as bare as Job.”
“The Word of God? Why even we cannot understand it; how then can the common people understand it?”
“You do not understand it,” Master William cried, “because you look into it only for foolish questions as you would into our Lady’s Matins or Merlin’s Prophesies. Now the Scriptures are a clue which we must follow, without turning aside, until we arrive at Christ, for Christ is the end.”
I couldn’t believe my ears. Was my tutor standing up to the priests and mocking them?
“And I tell you,” shouted another priest,“that the Scriptures are a Daedalian labyrinth, rather than Ariadne’s clue-a conjuring book wherein everybody finds what he wants.”
“Alas,” exclaimed Master William, “you read them without Christ; that is why they are an obscure book to you, a thicket of thorns where you only escape from the briers to be caught by the brambles.”
“No!” shouted another clerk, heedless of contradicting his colleague, “nothing is obscure to us; it is we who give the scriptures, and we who explain them to you.”
“You would lose both your time and your trouble,” replied Master William. “Do you know who taught the eagles to spy out their prey? Well, that same God teaches his hungry children to spy out their Father in his word. Christ’s elect spy out their land and trace out the paths of His feet, and follow; yea, though He go upon the plain and liquid water which will receive no step, yet there they find out His foot. His elect know Him, but the world knows Him not. And as for you, far from having given us the Scriptures, it is you who have hidden them from us; it is you who burn those who teach them, and, if you could, you would burn the Scriptures themselves.”
A priest was about to remark at Master William’s words when Mother stopped him.
“Please, gentlemen, let us eat in peace.” And with that there was no more discussion on the topic, although you couldn’t miss the looks of hatred in the priests’ eyes.
Every Sunday my family went to St. Adeline’s Chapel. It was a beautiful church. Two large yew trees overlooked the building. Stained glass windows glittered everywhere. Master William would preach, and my whole family would take up the manorial pew. I remember one sermon he preached on how the priests were wrong by saying that you have to be good first and move God to be good to us for our goodness. Master William said that God’s goodness is the root of all goodness, and our goodness, if we have any, springs out of His goodness………
I can remember that the priests were irritated at such observations. They tried to ruin Master William by insulting him and his New Testament at dinners with Mother and Father when Master William wasn’t present. Mother and Father were upset that Master William had made so many enemies. I heard them tell Master William everything the priests had said, but Master William could answer each objection from his New Testament.
“What!” exclaimed Mother. “think you, Master William, that we should believe you before the priests?” Master William did not reply. Over time, however, Mother and Father became convinced that Master William spoke truthfully.
In addition to preaching at St. Adeline Chapel, Master William sometimes preached in the village and sometimes in another town. The people of Bristol would gather to hear him preach in a large meadow, called St. Austin’s Green. But no matter where he preached, the priests followed behind him with lies and accusations.
“What is to be done?" cried Master William. “While I am sowing in one place the enemy ravages the field I have just left. I cannot be everywhere! Oh, if Christians possessed the Holy Scriptures in their own tongue, they could of themselves withstand these sophists. Without the Bible it is impossible to establish the laity in the truth.”
One day, I was walking into the library to get a book. Seeing Master William sitting at the desk, I decided to leave.
“Catherine, it’s alright,” he said not looking up from the desk. “Please come in.” I walked in, picked out the book I wanted and started to leave. Just then, Master William cried out, “I’ve got it! It was in the language if Israel that the Psalms were sung in the temple of Jehovah, and shall not the gospel speak the language of England among us? Ought the church to have less light at noonday than at dawn?”
“Excuse me, sir?” I asked, quite puzzled.
“Christians must read the New Testament in their mother tongue!” he exclaimed.
“Oh, yes, Master William,” I said. “An excellent idea!”
Father and Mother thought it was a great idea for they were quite disgusted with the priests. No longer were they so often invited to Little Sodbury, nor did they meet with the same welcome.
One day, I was sitting in the parlor, doing some needle work. Father came in and whispered in low tones. I didn’t miss a word of it though, thanks to my sharp hearing.
“Master William has been accused as a heretic and has been summoned to appear before Dr. Thomas Parker, the Chancellor.” he said. Mother and I gasped.
“Oh, goodness, this is terrible! John, what should we do?”
“Let us pray for our dear tutor.” And with that he was on his knees.
Master William came home after the trial and to our joy and relief, he announced that they had dropped the accusation. He told us that no one had dared come up and speak against him.
“Take away my goods,” he had said to the priests. “Take away my good name! Yet so long as Christ dwelleth in my heart, so long shall I love you not a whit the less.”
Unfortunately, the priests did not give up easily. They sent for a famous theologian to debate with Master William.
“Well then! It were better to be without God’s laws than the Pope’s!” declared the theologian.
Master William replied, “I defy the Pope and all his laws!” And then, as if unable to keep his secret, he added, “If God spares my life, ere many years I will take care that a ploughboy shall know more of the Scriptures than you do.”
At the point of being arrested, condemned, and interrupted in his great work, Master William came to my Father.
“Sir, I ask your permission to leave. I am afraid that if I stay, I will put your family in great danger. I cannot tutor your children anymore.”
“But Master William,” I cried. “You can’t-”
“I’m so sorry Catherine,” he interrupted. He looked at me sincerely. “Truly, I am.”
The next morning, Master William’s things were loaded onto his horse. He said goodbye to Mother and Father. He told Maurice and Ann to be good and gave them his famous big grin. He gave Mabell a little hug. When he came to me, he told me to follow him. He led me to the apple tree we used to sit under. Beside the tree was a small pile of dirt. He told me that he had planted one of the apple seeds from the apples that he had eaten while he taught me. He told me to water it and watch it grow. He said that he planted it so I would remember him.
“Oh, Master William, I could never forget you! You’ve been so kind to me. You’ve taught me so much, especially about God. Thank you, Master William. Thank you,” I cried.
We went back to the front of the manor and Master William gave me one last farewell. He hopped onto his horse and down the long driveway he went, waving behind him. A hot tear slipped down my cheeks as I remembered how I didn’t like him when he had first come. But now it felt like one of the family members was leaving and was never coming back. But I knew, in my heart, that Master William would continue to praise God and preach, no matter what other people said, even if it cost him his life.
*Selected dialogue between William Tyndale and the guests at Little Sodbury Manor and some quotes from William Tyndale were taken from J. H. Merle D'Aubigne's History of the Reformation.
The wind lifted my hair behind me. I closed my eyes. The tall grass beside me swayed. Everything was perfect. I opened my eyes and saw my beautiful home standing on a hill. It was tall, big, and sturdy. I was about to close my eyes again when I saw my father riding up the long driveway on his horse. He had gone to the village to see another man. I never asked him about his business. It wasn’t proper for young ladies to worry about such things. Another man rode beside him. I sat up trying to get a better view. The man was no ordinary man. He wasn’t wearing fancy clothes like all the other guests that stayed at Little Sodbury. He was plain, rather tall, and skinny.
When they reached the front of the house, Joseph, the stable boy, took the horses, and Father and the other man went inside. I immediately sprang up. I wanted to know who this man was. I raced through the tall grass and into my yard. When I reached the house, I walked in carefully. If my stepmother, Lady Anne Walsh, found me running, it would not be good. I walked through the long halls until I reached the parlor. Being careful not to be seen, I sneaked over to the huge plant at the entrance of the room. It was a great place to hide. Father seated the man on the comfortable chair in the middle of the room. Mother came into the room and curtsied politely to the man. This made me even more curious.
“Master William, ‘tis lovely that you have accepted my husband’s offer to become our children’s tutor,” she said smiling. I gasped. Our tutor! I didn’t like the way he looked, talked or anything about him! We didn’t need a tutor! I was so taken by surprise, I almost jumped up from behind the plant. When Father said that he would like to introduce Master William to the children, I didn’t know what to do. They left the room and I hurried down the hall after them.
“Oh, Catherine dear, there you are. I would like you to meet your new tutor, Master William Tyndale.” Mother said, gesturing to the teacher.
“How do you do?” I said halfheartedly.
“Quite well, thank you,” he said, a huge grin spreading across his face. After Father and Mother had introduced him to the other children, Mother suggested that I have my first lesson. I heartily agreed, but it was very hard not to show my disappointment. You see, it was such a beautiful day, and I wanted to spend it all outdoors, not in a boring library. Master William walked into the library and went to one of the many bookshelves. He scanned the shelves and finally said, “Here it is!” He took a book off the shelf and sat down at the desk. He looked at me and saw my glum face.
“You know, I bet you like nature. I can see it all over your face,” he said. I looked up.
“How did you know?” I asked, somewhat impressed.
“Because I can clearly see that you’d rather be outside enjoying this glorious day than sitting here learning your lessons,” he chuckled. He already seemed to know me.
“Well, Master William, you are correct,” I said smiling. He got up from his seat and went to the door.
“Master William?” I asked. “Aren’t we going to have my lessons?”
“Yes, of course. But how about outside?” he asked. I couldn’t believe my ears. My tutor, suggesting that we go outside for lessons?
“Miss Catherine?” he asked, seeing my surprised face.
“Oh, yes! I would love to go outside!” I jumped up from my seat and followed him through the door. Mother was just coming down the hall when we were leaving the library.
“Master William,” she said catching up to us. “Where are you going? Are you done with lessons all ready?” she asked.
“Certainly not, Lady Walsh,” he smiled. “For this is just the beginning.” I couldn’t help but laugh, seeing my Mother’s puzzled expression. Right then, I decided that maybe Master William wasn’t so bad after all.
Sitting under the apple tree near the Severn River was our regular spot for lessons. We’d munch on apples and learn about science. We’d munch on apples and learn about arithmetic. But most of all, we’d munch on apples, and he would tell me stories from the Bible. He was very good at that. He would tell me stories that I had heard in church before, but when he told them, it was different. They sounded so wonderful with his dynamic voice. It would rise and fall so beautifully.
One evening, I was in the dining room, talking to Alice, one of the maids. But suddenly, I heard voices in the hall. I knew it was Father’s guests. I couldn’t run out of the dining room and let them see me, so I hid. I dashed behind one of the lounge chairs in the corner. When everyone came in, I peered from behind the seat to see who was here. There were some men I had seen from around the neighborhood, several abbots, deans, monks, and doctors. Then I saw Master William who was sitting at the most humble place at the table with his New Testament in reach. The conversation went on, and I was quite bored until, I heard one of the priests remark about Master William’s Bible.
“Your Scriptures only serve to make heretics,” he cried.
“On the contrary,” Master William said. “The source of all heresies is pride; now the Word of God strips man of everything, and leaves him as bare as Job.”
“The Word of God? Why even we cannot understand it; how then can the common people understand it?”
“You do not understand it,” Master William cried, “because you look into it only for foolish questions as you would into our Lady’s Matins or Merlin’s Prophesies. Now the Scriptures are a clue which we must follow, without turning aside, until we arrive at Christ, for Christ is the end.”
I couldn’t believe my ears. Was my tutor standing up to the priests and mocking them?
“And I tell you,” shouted another priest,“that the Scriptures are a Daedalian labyrinth, rather than Ariadne’s clue-a conjuring book wherein everybody finds what he wants.”
“Alas,” exclaimed Master William, “you read them without Christ; that is why they are an obscure book to you, a thicket of thorns where you only escape from the briers to be caught by the brambles.”
“No!” shouted another clerk, heedless of contradicting his colleague, “nothing is obscure to us; it is we who give the scriptures, and we who explain them to you.”
“You would lose both your time and your trouble,” replied Master William. “Do you know who taught the eagles to spy out their prey? Well, that same God teaches his hungry children to spy out their Father in his word. Christ’s elect spy out their land and trace out the paths of His feet, and follow; yea, though He go upon the plain and liquid water which will receive no step, yet there they find out His foot. His elect know Him, but the world knows Him not. And as for you, far from having given us the Scriptures, it is you who have hidden them from us; it is you who burn those who teach them, and, if you could, you would burn the Scriptures themselves.”
A priest was about to remark at Master William’s words when Mother stopped him.
“Please, gentlemen, let us eat in peace.” And with that there was no more discussion on the topic, although you couldn’t miss the looks of hatred in the priests’ eyes.
Every Sunday my family went to St. Adeline’s Chapel. It was a beautiful church. Two large yew trees overlooked the building. Stained glass windows glittered everywhere. Master William would preach, and my whole family would take up the manorial pew. I remember one sermon he preached on how the priests were wrong by saying that you have to be good first and move God to be good to us for our goodness. Master William said that God’s goodness is the root of all goodness, and our goodness, if we have any, springs out of His goodness………
I can remember that the priests were irritated at such observations. They tried to ruin Master William by insulting him and his New Testament at dinners with Mother and Father when Master William wasn’t present. Mother and Father were upset that Master William had made so many enemies. I heard them tell Master William everything the priests had said, but Master William could answer each objection from his New Testament.
“What!” exclaimed Mother. “think you, Master William, that we should believe you before the priests?” Master William did not reply. Over time, however, Mother and Father became convinced that Master William spoke truthfully.
In addition to preaching at St. Adeline Chapel, Master William sometimes preached in the village and sometimes in another town. The people of Bristol would gather to hear him preach in a large meadow, called St. Austin’s Green. But no matter where he preached, the priests followed behind him with lies and accusations.
“What is to be done?" cried Master William. “While I am sowing in one place the enemy ravages the field I have just left. I cannot be everywhere! Oh, if Christians possessed the Holy Scriptures in their own tongue, they could of themselves withstand these sophists. Without the Bible it is impossible to establish the laity in the truth.”
One day, I was walking into the library to get a book. Seeing Master William sitting at the desk, I decided to leave.
“Catherine, it’s alright,” he said not looking up from the desk. “Please come in.” I walked in, picked out the book I wanted and started to leave. Just then, Master William cried out, “I’ve got it! It was in the language if Israel that the Psalms were sung in the temple of Jehovah, and shall not the gospel speak the language of England among us? Ought the church to have less light at noonday than at dawn?”
“Excuse me, sir?” I asked, quite puzzled.
“Christians must read the New Testament in their mother tongue!” he exclaimed.
“Oh, yes, Master William,” I said. “An excellent idea!”
Father and Mother thought it was a great idea for they were quite disgusted with the priests. No longer were they so often invited to Little Sodbury, nor did they meet with the same welcome.
One day, I was sitting in the parlor, doing some needle work. Father came in and whispered in low tones. I didn’t miss a word of it though, thanks to my sharp hearing.
“Master William has been accused as a heretic and has been summoned to appear before Dr. Thomas Parker, the Chancellor.” he said. Mother and I gasped.
“Oh, goodness, this is terrible! John, what should we do?”
“Let us pray for our dear tutor.” And with that he was on his knees.
Master William came home after the trial and to our joy and relief, he announced that they had dropped the accusation. He told us that no one had dared come up and speak against him.
“Take away my goods,” he had said to the priests. “Take away my good name! Yet so long as Christ dwelleth in my heart, so long shall I love you not a whit the less.”
Unfortunately, the priests did not give up easily. They sent for a famous theologian to debate with Master William.
“Well then! It were better to be without God’s laws than the Pope’s!” declared the theologian.
Master William replied, “I defy the Pope and all his laws!” And then, as if unable to keep his secret, he added, “If God spares my life, ere many years I will take care that a ploughboy shall know more of the Scriptures than you do.”
At the point of being arrested, condemned, and interrupted in his great work, Master William came to my Father.
“Sir, I ask your permission to leave. I am afraid that if I stay, I will put your family in great danger. I cannot tutor your children anymore.”
“But Master William,” I cried. “You can’t-”
“I’m so sorry Catherine,” he interrupted. He looked at me sincerely. “Truly, I am.”
The next morning, Master William’s things were loaded onto his horse. He said goodbye to Mother and Father. He told Maurice and Ann to be good and gave them his famous big grin. He gave Mabell a little hug. When he came to me, he told me to follow him. He led me to the apple tree we used to sit under. Beside the tree was a small pile of dirt. He told me that he had planted one of the apple seeds from the apples that he had eaten while he taught me. He told me to water it and watch it grow. He said that he planted it so I would remember him.
“Oh, Master William, I could never forget you! You’ve been so kind to me. You’ve taught me so much, especially about God. Thank you, Master William. Thank you,” I cried.
We went back to the front of the manor and Master William gave me one last farewell. He hopped onto his horse and down the long driveway he went, waving behind him. A hot tear slipped down my cheeks as I remembered how I didn’t like him when he had first come. But now it felt like one of the family members was leaving and was never coming back. But I knew, in my heart, that Master William would continue to praise God and preach, no matter what other people said, even if it cost him his life.
*Selected dialogue between William Tyndale and the guests at Little Sodbury Manor and some quotes from William Tyndale were taken from J. H. Merle D'Aubigne's History of the Reformation.
Thomas Bilney - Part 1
By: LMH, 2010
Thomas Bilney was one of the first Protestant reformers and an English martyr. The exact location and date of his birth are not known, but to the best of our knowledge, he was born in 1495 in Norwich. Not much is known of his life until he went to Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
Thomas Bilney was a man of small stature; he could even be described as sickly. He was somewhat bashful and not a strong speaker. He longed to serve God and be at peace in his heart. However, he never seemed able to reach this goal. He continually went before the priest to confess his sins, but instead of finding fulfillment and peace, he went away with fasting orders, indulgences, and a heavy heart. Over time, he became poor and very weak.
During this time, a certain book, Erasmus' Testament, was causing quite a stir. It was highly praised for its elegant Latinity. Erasmus' Testament was forbidden to be read because it was in Greek. Anything written in Greek or Hebrew was considered heresy. In spite of this, Bilney was drawn to the book. So he secretly bought the Testament, and when he opened it, a verse fairly popped off the page at him. It read:
Thomas Bilney did much for the cause of Christ during his short life. And while he died a martyr's death at age 36, his impact on Christianity is so strongly felt that he is often called the "Father of the English Reformation."
Thomas Bilney was a man of small stature; he could even be described as sickly. He was somewhat bashful and not a strong speaker. He longed to serve God and be at peace in his heart. However, he never seemed able to reach this goal. He continually went before the priest to confess his sins, but instead of finding fulfillment and peace, he went away with fasting orders, indulgences, and a heavy heart. Over time, he became poor and very weak.
During this time, a certain book, Erasmus' Testament, was causing quite a stir. It was highly praised for its elegant Latinity. Erasmus' Testament was forbidden to be read because it was in Greek. Anything written in Greek or Hebrew was considered heresy. In spite of this, Bilney was drawn to the book. So he secretly bought the Testament, and when he opened it, a verse fairly popped off the page at him. It read:
"This is a faithful saying and worthy of all acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners: of whom I am chief."Suddenly, he realized he was a sinner and that Christ saved sinners! From that point on, he was a changed man. He began to read the Scriptures often, and he stopped listening to the false teachings of the schoolmen. He gathered his friends together and shared the wonderful news of Jesus with them. He also witnessed to Hugh Latimer, who eventually got saved. Because of Bilney's faithful witness, many were led to Christ.
Thomas Bilney did much for the cause of Christ during his short life. And while he died a martyr's death at age 36, his impact on Christianity is so strongly felt that he is often called the "Father of the English Reformation."
Thomas Bilney - Part 2
by: SJH, 2010
Thomas Bilney was born in or after 1493. He was educated at Trinity Hall. After he graduated and took Holy orders, he became interested in the Greek edition of the New Testament translated by Erasmus in 1516. He was saved and eventually became the Father of the English Reformation.
Because Bilney denounced saint and relic veneration and refused to accept the mediation of the saints, he was summoned before Cardinal Wolsey. He took an oath that he would not disseminate the doctrines of Luther. Bilney was allowed to leave, but within the next year, problems arose.
Objections were made to a series of sermons he preached in and around London. He was dragged from the pulpit and imprisoned in the Tower of London. He was brought before Cardinal Wolsey, William Warham, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and several bishops in the chapter-house at Westminster, and convicted of heresy. His sentence was postponed in hopes that he would recant.
Bilney was kept in the Tower for more than a year. Bishop Tunstall pressured him to recant. His friends tried to get him to have pity on himself, telling him that he would be of far better use to the Lord if he preserved his life. Bilney was pressured by his friends and eventually gave in. One Saturday morning, Bilney was led before the bishops, there he recanted before all his friends.
Later Bilney returned to Cambridge, where he was tortured with anguish, remorse, and fear. He could barely eat or drink, and he trembled constantly. Eventually, Bilney confessed his sin, found peace, and started to preach again. The Holy Spirit had spoken to him and given him hope to live on for Christ.
Thomas Bilney was born in or after 1493. He was educated at Trinity Hall. After he graduated and took Holy orders, he became interested in the Greek edition of the New Testament translated by Erasmus in 1516. He was saved and eventually became the Father of the English Reformation.
Because Bilney denounced saint and relic veneration and refused to accept the mediation of the saints, he was summoned before Cardinal Wolsey. He took an oath that he would not disseminate the doctrines of Luther. Bilney was allowed to leave, but within the next year, problems arose.
Objections were made to a series of sermons he preached in and around London. He was dragged from the pulpit and imprisoned in the Tower of London. He was brought before Cardinal Wolsey, William Warham, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and several bishops in the chapter-house at Westminster, and convicted of heresy. His sentence was postponed in hopes that he would recant.
Bilney was kept in the Tower for more than a year. Bishop Tunstall pressured him to recant. His friends tried to get him to have pity on himself, telling him that he would be of far better use to the Lord if he preserved his life. Bilney was pressured by his friends and eventually gave in. One Saturday morning, Bilney was led before the bishops, there he recanted before all his friends.
Later Bilney returned to Cambridge, where he was tortured with anguish, remorse, and fear. He could barely eat or drink, and he trembled constantly. Eventually, Bilney confessed his sin, found peace, and started to preach again. The Holy Spirit had spoken to him and given him hope to live on for Christ.
Thomas Bilney - Part 3
by: ASH, 2010
Thomas Bilney is known as the Father of the English Reformation. He is called this because he is believed to be the first man converted by reading Erasmus' translation of the New Testament. After he was saved, Bilney encouraged others to read the New Testament. Bilney was arrested because he preached. He was put into prison, but he was not executed because he recanted. After he recanted, though, Bilney was miserable.
Two years later, Bilney began to preach again. He first preached in open fields. At Ipswich, he preached the Gospel and attacked the errors of Rome. In Greenwich, he bought New Testaments. In Norwich, he gave a New Testament to a woman who shared it with her friends. After that, Bilney was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London. He was not sad, though. He felt that a load was taken off him.
On the night before his death, some of Bilney's friends came to visit him. They found him eating his last meal. He stuck his finger in the flame of a candle. As his finger burned, Bilney said, "I feel that fire by God's ordinance is naturally hot, but yet I am persuaded by God's Holy Word and the experience of the martyrs that when the flames consume me, I shall not feel them."
On August 19, 1531, Bilney was taken to Norwich to be executed. When he arrived, he fell upon his knees and prayed. He recited the Apostles' Creed and Psalm 143, and the spectators were moved by Bilney's words of faith. After Bilney's death, even his enemies praised him.
Thomas Bilney is known as the Father of the English Reformation. He is called this because he is believed to be the first man converted by reading Erasmus' translation of the New Testament. After he was saved, Bilney encouraged others to read the New Testament. Bilney was arrested because he preached. He was put into prison, but he was not executed because he recanted. After he recanted, though, Bilney was miserable.
Two years later, Bilney began to preach again. He first preached in open fields. At Ipswich, he preached the Gospel and attacked the errors of Rome. In Greenwich, he bought New Testaments. In Norwich, he gave a New Testament to a woman who shared it with her friends. After that, Bilney was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London. He was not sad, though. He felt that a load was taken off him.
On the night before his death, some of Bilney's friends came to visit him. They found him eating his last meal. He stuck his finger in the flame of a candle. As his finger burned, Bilney said, "I feel that fire by God's ordinance is naturally hot, but yet I am persuaded by God's Holy Word and the experience of the martyrs that when the flames consume me, I shall not feel them."
On August 19, 1531, Bilney was taken to Norwich to be executed. When he arrived, he fell upon his knees and prayed. He recited the Apostles' Creed and Psalm 143, and the spectators were moved by Bilney's words of faith. After Bilney's death, even his enemies praised him.
The Awakening
by Mom, 2010
Henry VIII often gets far more credit for the Reformation in England than he deserves. While it is true that his divorce from Catherine of Aragon and subsequent marriage to Anne Boleyn provided the catalyst for England's political and ecclesiastical separation from Rome, England's spiritual awakening was already well underway. Unlike the Reformation in Germany, England's awakening did not begin with public debate over Church doctrine. It began quietly in the hearts of men as the Spirit of God through the Word of God gave new life to dead souls.
For centuries, the light of God's Word had been obscured by the veil of medieval Catholicism. The doctrines of men were taught in place of the doctrines of God. Even the Scriptures themselves had been corrupted. But in 1516, Desiderius Erasmus, a Catholic scholar, published a fresh translation of the New Testament. Erasmus had gathered as many fragments of Greek manuscripts as he could find. He studied and compared the many manuscripts and compiled a new Greek New Testament. This he then translated into Latin because very few scholars in Europe at that time could read Greek. Erasmus' work was a labor of love. "If I told what sweat it cost me," he said, "no one would believe me." Erasmus was driven by his firm belief that the future of the Church depended upon the Word of God. He wrote, "A spiritual temple must be raised in desolated Christendom. The mighty of this world will contribute towards it their marble, their ivory, and their gold; I who am poor and humble offer the foundation stone."
Soon copies of Erasmus' New Testament were circulating among the professors and students at England's universities. The historian D'Aubigne writes, "It was in every hand; men struggled to procure it, read it eagerly, and would even kiss it. The words it contained enlightened every heart." The astonished Oxford professor Thomas Linacre declared, "Either this is not the gospel, or we are not Christians." At Cambridge, Thomas Bilney exclaimed, "Jesus Christ! Yes, Jesus Christ saves! I see it all - my vigils, my fasts, my pilgrimages, my purchase of masses and indulgences were destroying instead of saving me."
D'Aubigne writes that "nothing terrifies the defenders of human traditions so much as the Word of God." Immediately, the Church began a campaign to discredit Erasmus and destroy the New Testament. Though the universities banned the New Testament from their campuses, they could not put out the conflagration. Everywhere men were being converted by this little book. In Cambridge, students met secretly at the White Horse Inn to study it. Thomas Bilney led the group and was instrumental in the conversions of many of its members, men who later became the leaders and martyrs of the English Reformation. For his role, Bilney is rightfully called the Father of the English Reformation.
The power of God's Word is illustrated in the lives of the men who emerged from the White Horse Inn study group. Thomas Cramner became Archbishop of Canterbury and was later martyred. John Frith, a brilliant mathematician, became the author of many Protestant books. He was also martyred. Hugh Latimer became Bishop of Worcester and chaplain to Edward VI. He was martryed under the reign of Mary I and is famously remembered for encouraging fellow martyr and White Horse Inn alumnus Dr. Nicholas Ridley to "play the man." "We shall this day," he exclaimed, "light such a candle, by God's grace, in England, as I trust shall never be put out."
Initially, the awakening in England was confined to the educated classes who could read in Greek or Latin. But another White Horse Inn graduate, William Tyndale, sought to change that. Tyndale devoted his short life to giving the Scriptures in English to "the boy that driveth the plough." Tyndale translated the New Testament first while hiding in various places on the continent. His translation of the Old Testament was incomplete when he was arrested and imprisoned in Belgium. On October 6, 1536, Tyndale was burned. His final prayer was "Lord, open the King of England's eyes." Two years later, in an abrupt change of policy, Henry VIII ordered that a Bible be placed in every church in England. Known as the "Great Bible" because of its size, this translation was partly the work of William Tyndale and partly the work of Miles Coverdale, another White Horse Inn student.
Brick by brick, martyr by martyr, a great edifice was built upon the foundation stone laid by Erasmus. And for the past four hundred years, it has been the special privilege of English-speaking people to carry the Gospel around the world.
One cannot read accounts of the English Reformation without being struck by two facts. Number one, the Gospel changes lives. It is the "power of God unto salvation." It frees men from the dominion of sin and empowers them to live holy lives. Number two, the modern "Gospel" does not change lives. It produces men who have "a form of godliness, but deny the power thereof." The Word of God has not changed, however. It is still, as Tyndale wrote, "quycke, and myghty in operacion, and sharper then eny two-edged swearde."
So where is the problem? In an age of unprecedented access to the Scriptures, few read them. Even fewer study them. Most professing "believers" are content with a second-hand spirituality. They would rather have pastors and authors pre-digest the Word for them so that they don't have to feed themselves. Casting aside victories won at Smithfield and Lollard's Pit, they are once again making the church the mediator between God and man. And the Gospel of the modern evangelical church, that one need only pray a little prayer and God will be his buddy and give him a ticket to Heaven, is as damning as the works-based Gospel of medieval Catholicism. Where there is no true repentance, no turning from sin, there can be no saving faith.
There is a great need in Christendom today for a second Reformation. "If the ship of the church is to be saved from being swallowed up by the tempest," wrote Erasmus, "there is only one anchor that can save it - it is the heavenly Word, which, issuing from the bosom of the Father, lives, speaks, and works still in the Gospel."
Henry VIII often gets far more credit for the Reformation in England than he deserves. While it is true that his divorce from Catherine of Aragon and subsequent marriage to Anne Boleyn provided the catalyst for England's political and ecclesiastical separation from Rome, England's spiritual awakening was already well underway. Unlike the Reformation in Germany, England's awakening did not begin with public debate over Church doctrine. It began quietly in the hearts of men as the Spirit of God through the Word of God gave new life to dead souls.
For centuries, the light of God's Word had been obscured by the veil of medieval Catholicism. The doctrines of men were taught in place of the doctrines of God. Even the Scriptures themselves had been corrupted. But in 1516, Desiderius Erasmus, a Catholic scholar, published a fresh translation of the New Testament. Erasmus had gathered as many fragments of Greek manuscripts as he could find. He studied and compared the many manuscripts and compiled a new Greek New Testament. This he then translated into Latin because very few scholars in Europe at that time could read Greek. Erasmus' work was a labor of love. "If I told what sweat it cost me," he said, "no one would believe me." Erasmus was driven by his firm belief that the future of the Church depended upon the Word of God. He wrote, "A spiritual temple must be raised in desolated Christendom. The mighty of this world will contribute towards it their marble, their ivory, and their gold; I who am poor and humble offer the foundation stone."
Soon copies of Erasmus' New Testament were circulating among the professors and students at England's universities. The historian D'Aubigne writes, "It was in every hand; men struggled to procure it, read it eagerly, and would even kiss it. The words it contained enlightened every heart." The astonished Oxford professor Thomas Linacre declared, "Either this is not the gospel, or we are not Christians." At Cambridge, Thomas Bilney exclaimed, "Jesus Christ! Yes, Jesus Christ saves! I see it all - my vigils, my fasts, my pilgrimages, my purchase of masses and indulgences were destroying instead of saving me."
D'Aubigne writes that "nothing terrifies the defenders of human traditions so much as the Word of God." Immediately, the Church began a campaign to discredit Erasmus and destroy the New Testament. Though the universities banned the New Testament from their campuses, they could not put out the conflagration. Everywhere men were being converted by this little book. In Cambridge, students met secretly at the White Horse Inn to study it. Thomas Bilney led the group and was instrumental in the conversions of many of its members, men who later became the leaders and martyrs of the English Reformation. For his role, Bilney is rightfully called the Father of the English Reformation.
The power of God's Word is illustrated in the lives of the men who emerged from the White Horse Inn study group. Thomas Cramner became Archbishop of Canterbury and was later martyred. John Frith, a brilliant mathematician, became the author of many Protestant books. He was also martyred. Hugh Latimer became Bishop of Worcester and chaplain to Edward VI. He was martryed under the reign of Mary I and is famously remembered for encouraging fellow martyr and White Horse Inn alumnus Dr. Nicholas Ridley to "play the man." "We shall this day," he exclaimed, "light such a candle, by God's grace, in England, as I trust shall never be put out."
Initially, the awakening in England was confined to the educated classes who could read in Greek or Latin. But another White Horse Inn graduate, William Tyndale, sought to change that. Tyndale devoted his short life to giving the Scriptures in English to "the boy that driveth the plough." Tyndale translated the New Testament first while hiding in various places on the continent. His translation of the Old Testament was incomplete when he was arrested and imprisoned in Belgium. On October 6, 1536, Tyndale was burned. His final prayer was "Lord, open the King of England's eyes." Two years later, in an abrupt change of policy, Henry VIII ordered that a Bible be placed in every church in England. Known as the "Great Bible" because of its size, this translation was partly the work of William Tyndale and partly the work of Miles Coverdale, another White Horse Inn student.
Brick by brick, martyr by martyr, a great edifice was built upon the foundation stone laid by Erasmus. And for the past four hundred years, it has been the special privilege of English-speaking people to carry the Gospel around the world.
One cannot read accounts of the English Reformation without being struck by two facts. Number one, the Gospel changes lives. It is the "power of God unto salvation." It frees men from the dominion of sin and empowers them to live holy lives. Number two, the modern "Gospel" does not change lives. It produces men who have "a form of godliness, but deny the power thereof." The Word of God has not changed, however. It is still, as Tyndale wrote, "quycke, and myghty in operacion, and sharper then eny two-edged swearde."
So where is the problem? In an age of unprecedented access to the Scriptures, few read them. Even fewer study them. Most professing "believers" are content with a second-hand spirituality. They would rather have pastors and authors pre-digest the Word for them so that they don't have to feed themselves. Casting aside victories won at Smithfield and Lollard's Pit, they are once again making the church the mediator between God and man. And the Gospel of the modern evangelical church, that one need only pray a little prayer and God will be his buddy and give him a ticket to Heaven, is as damning as the works-based Gospel of medieval Catholicism. Where there is no true repentance, no turning from sin, there can be no saving faith.
There is a great need in Christendom today for a second Reformation. "If the ship of the church is to be saved from being swallowed up by the tempest," wrote Erasmus, "there is only one anchor that can save it - it is the heavenly Word, which, issuing from the bosom of the Father, lives, speaks, and works still in the Gospel."
Friday, September 24, 2010
Education in Colonial America
The Protestant Reformation had a profound effect upon the development of Colonial America. This article by Robert A. Peterson entitled "Education in Colonial America," first published in The Freeman nearly thirty years ago, describes the success of Colonial America's free-market educational system.
Wednesday, September 22, 2010
A History of the Authorized Version (1611)
by Mom, 2008
Upon assuming the English crown in 1603, James I called the Hampton Court Conference to address "things pretended to be amiss in the church." From this conference came a request that His Majesty authorize a new translation of the Scriptures "for reducing of diversities of Bibles now extant in the English tongue." James I was more than happy to comply, for he despised the study notes in the popular Geneva translation.
Accordingly, James I appointed a committee of the best scholars and linguists of the day to work on the new translation. The 47-man committee was instructed to consider the work of previous English translators as well as the original Hebrew and Greek texts. King James requested the committee to consult with other learned men about any doubtful text, and he insisted that the new translation have no marginal notes.
The committee divided into six groups, each working on a different section of the Bible. The preliminary translation took four years. Then a sub-committee of twelve spent nine months on further review and translation. The completed Bible was published n 1611.
The Authorized Version, or King James Version as we call it today, remains the most popular and significant translation of the Scriptures in English. Westcott and Hort, members of a committee that produced a modern English text, said of the King James Version, "From the middle of the seventeenth century, the King's Bible has been the acknowledged Bible of the English-speaking nations throughout the world simply because it is the best." The King James Version quickly surpassed the popular Geneva Bible, whose last edition was published in 1644. Ironically, the study notes to the Geneva Bible that so offended James I continued to be published for many years, attached to the Authorized Version text.
Accordingly, James I appointed a committee of the best scholars and linguists of the day to work on the new translation. The 47-man committee was instructed to consider the work of previous English translators as well as the original Hebrew and Greek texts. King James requested the committee to consult with other learned men about any doubtful text, and he insisted that the new translation have no marginal notes.
The committee divided into six groups, each working on a different section of the Bible. The preliminary translation took four years. Then a sub-committee of twelve spent nine months on further review and translation. The completed Bible was published n 1611.
The Authorized Version, or King James Version as we call it today, remains the most popular and significant translation of the Scriptures in English. Westcott and Hort, members of a committee that produced a modern English text, said of the King James Version, "From the middle of the seventeenth century, the King's Bible has been the acknowledged Bible of the English-speaking nations throughout the world simply because it is the best." The King James Version quickly surpassed the popular Geneva Bible, whose last edition was published in 1644. Ironically, the study notes to the Geneva Bible that so offended James I continued to be published for many years, attached to the Authorized Version text.
A History of the Geneva Bible of 1560
by Mom, 2008
Although its popularity has been eclipsed by the Authorized Version (1611), the Geneva Bible was the most innovative and influential English language Bible of the Reformation.
Following the ascension of Mary I to the English throne, persecution drove thousands of Protestants into exile. Many sought refuge in Geneva, Switzerland. They desired to have a Bible suitable for both corporate and family worship. Up until this time, Bibles had been large folios with hard-to-read Gothic type. The Geneva Bible was the first English Bible printed in a quarto edition and with Roman type. The Geneva Bible was also the first English study Bible, containing numerous marginal notes and study helps. Although chapter divisions had existed in previous Bibles, the Geneva Bible was the first to enumerate verses.
It would be difficult to overstate the importance of the Geneva Bible. It was the household Bible of English-speaking Christians for three generations. It was the Bible of the Scottish Reformers and of the English Separatists and Puritans. The great English writers Shakespeare, Milton, and Bunyan quoted from the Geneva Bible, and it was the Scriptures first brought to New England by the Pilgrims.
Ironically, it was the popularity of the Geneva Bible that prompted James I of England to authorize another translation. He felt that the Geneva Bible's study notes encouraged civil disobedience. Consequently, he was more than willing to commission a new English language Bible - one with no study notes.
Although the popularity of the Geneva Bible was eventually surpassed by the Authorized Version of 1611, many of the innovations first seen in the Geneva Bible continue to this day. The Geneva Bible remains one of the most historically significant editions of the Scriptures, and with its recent reprinting, the influence of the Geneva study notes is once again being felt.
Following the ascension of Mary I to the English throne, persecution drove thousands of Protestants into exile. Many sought refuge in Geneva, Switzerland. They desired to have a Bible suitable for both corporate and family worship. Up until this time, Bibles had been large folios with hard-to-read Gothic type. The Geneva Bible was the first English Bible printed in a quarto edition and with Roman type. The Geneva Bible was also the first English study Bible, containing numerous marginal notes and study helps. Although chapter divisions had existed in previous Bibles, the Geneva Bible was the first to enumerate verses.
It would be difficult to overstate the importance of the Geneva Bible. It was the household Bible of English-speaking Christians for three generations. It was the Bible of the Scottish Reformers and of the English Separatists and Puritans. The great English writers Shakespeare, Milton, and Bunyan quoted from the Geneva Bible, and it was the Scriptures first brought to New England by the Pilgrims.
Ironically, it was the popularity of the Geneva Bible that prompted James I of England to authorize another translation. He felt that the Geneva Bible's study notes encouraged civil disobedience. Consequently, he was more than willing to commission a new English language Bible - one with no study notes.
Although the popularity of the Geneva Bible was eventually surpassed by the Authorized Version of 1611, many of the innovations first seen in the Geneva Bible continue to this day. The Geneva Bible remains one of the most historically significant editions of the Scriptures, and with its recent reprinting, the influence of the Geneva study notes is once again being felt.
John Rogers (1500-1555)
by: KGH, 2008
John Rogers was born in the town of Aston. He grew up to be a minister, Bible translator, and commentator. He was educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge University, where he graduated with a B.A. in 1526. Six years later, he was Rector of Holy Trinity Church in London, and in 1534, we went to Antwerp as chaplain to a company of English merchants. There he met William Tyndale. John Rogers used the name "Thomas Matthew" to protect himself when he published his translation of the Bible. But he was captured anyway and burned at Smithfield by Queen Mary I in 1555.
Miles Coverdale (1488-1568)
by: KGH, 2008
Miles Coverdale and John "Thomas Matthew" Rogers were loyal partners for the last six years of William Tyndale's life as they carried the English Bible project forward. Coverdale finished translating the Old Testament in 1535. He printed the first complete Bible in the English language. Coverdale had studied at Cambridge, receiving a bachelor's degree in Canon Law in 1531. Coverdale and many other men have helped Christians very much. Many people take advantage of that. We would not have been able to get closer to God or go to Heaven if it weren't for the Bible being translated into English.
Monday, September 20, 2010
William Tyndale (1494-1536)
by: SJH, 2008
William Tyndale had a burden for translating the Bible into English so people could read it and see that the Catholic church was wrong. He started translating in England, but soon realized that the Pope did not like it at all. So he went to Hamburg, Germany. Even in Hamburg, his life was not safe because the English Catholic bishops and priests were very angry with him. They even hired spies to try to stop him. Tyndale went to a printing press in Cologne where the printers were ready to help. He tried to keep his work a secret because of the English bishops. One day, Tyndale got a warning to flee for his life. A drunken printer had told a Catholic priest that the Bible was almost done. The priest had come to arrest him. William took the Bible and fled to Worms. This is where the Bibles were printed. They were sent to England with cloth, with articles for sale, in sacks of flour, and in many other ways. The Catholic bishop of England decided to buy all the Bibles and burn them. Only one problem, he tried to buy them from Tyndale's friend. Tyndale's friend sold them at a good price and gave the money to Tyndale who needed it to pay the printer and to keep on printing Bibles. Not long after, the Pope found him and sent some men to get him. He was later strangled and burned. William Tyndale made it possible for us to own and read the Bible.
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
by: ASH (with Mom), 2008
He was born Gerrit Gerritszoon in Rotterdam, Holland, on October 28, 1466, and later took for himself the name Desiderius Erasmus. Erasmus is chiefly remembered for his fresh Latin translation of the New Testament from several Greek texts. Erasmus hoped that access to a more accurate translation of the Scriptures would liberate men from the corruptions of the Roman Catholic church. The Erasmus translation became the basis for Tyndale's English New Testament and Luther's German one. Roman Catholic critics condemned Erasmus for having "laid the egg that hatched the Reformation." For his part, Erasmus was a moderate, believing that the Catholic church should be reformed rather than abandoned. Consequently, Erasmus was often at odds with the very men who had benefited the most from his translation of the New Testament.
John Wycliffe (1324-1384)
by: LMH, 2008
Not much is known about John Wycliffe until his days at Oxford. There he made a name for himself by studying the Bible and debating doctrines with others. He soon saw the errors of the church and declared them openly. He became popular, and many befriended him. He would often debate with bishops, and on several occassions, he was summoned by the Pope. The Lord protected him through his work. In 1381, he retired to Lutterworth. There he worked on translating the Bible into English. His health was failing. In 1384, he died from the effects of a stroke. John Wycliffe lived a very godly life, and he truly was the "Morning Star of the Reformation."
John 1:1 in Five Translations
by: KGH, 2008
In the bigynnynge was the word and the word was at God, And God was the word. - Wycliffe, 1380
In the beginnynge was the worde, And the worde was with God: And the worde was God. - Tyndale, 1534
In the begynnynge was the worde, and the worde was wyth God: and God was the worde. - Great Bible, 1539
In the beginnyng was the worde, And the worde was with God, And that worde was God. - Geneva Bible, 1557
In the beginning was the Word, And the Word was with God, And the Word was God. - King James Bible, 1611
In the bigynnynge was the word and the word was at God, And God was the word. - Wycliffe, 1380
In the beginnynge was the worde, And the worde was with God: And the worde was God. - Tyndale, 1534
In the begynnynge was the worde, and the worde was wyth God: and God was the worde. - Great Bible, 1539
In the beginnyng was the worde, And the worde was with God, And that worde was God. - Geneva Bible, 1557
In the beginning was the Word, And the Word was with God, And the Word was God. - King James Bible, 1611
Overview of the English Bible
John Wycliff's handwritten Bible was the first in the English language. Eighty years later Gutenberg invented the printing press, and the first book printed was the Bible (in Latin).
William Tyndale was the leader of the English reformers. He translated the Greek Bible into English so the common person could understand it.
In 1517, Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to the church door. This got people thinking. While all the attention was on Luther, Tyndale was working to complete his New Testament in English. Tyndale had to flee often to hide from those who wished to kill him. In 1525, Tyndale printed the first English New Testament. The Bishop of London tried to confiscate all the Bibles, but they continued to be smuggled in.
Tyndale was burned at the stake in 1536. Tyndale's assistants, Coverdale and Rogers, carried the project forward. Coverdale finished the Old Testament, and the first Bible was completed on October 4, 1535. It was called the Coverdale Bible. In 1537, another Bible came out (produced by Rogers). It was called the Matthew's Bible. In 1539, Thomas Cramner published an English Bible by the king's request. It was called the Great Bible because of its size. They used it in the churches.
Years later, the king died, and Queen "Bloody" Mary came to the throne. She began burning reformers at the stake. Many reformers fled to the church at Geneva. There they decided to produce a Bible. They completed it in 1557. It was known as the Geneva Bible. It became highly popular after Queen Mary died and Elizabeth became queen. The Geneva Bible spoke strongly against the institutional church of the day. Therefore, it didn't rest well with those in authority. So in 1568, the Bishops' Bible was introduced. However, it never won the hearts of the people. The Roman Catholic Church decided to print a Bible in English. So they printed the Rheim's New Testament.
When James I became king, he wanted a "translation to end all translations." Fifty scholars got together and came up with the King James version. It took many years and lives to come up with the English Bible. We should be very thankful.
Introduction
Welcome to English Reformation, a website that is an outgrowth of our homeschool studies. In the coming weeks, we will be adding content from previous studies as well as our current year's project about the White Horse Inn study group.
The subtitle to this page is a portion of Hebrews 4:12 from William Tyndale's 1534 translation of the New Testament.
The subtitle to this page is a portion of Hebrews 4:12 from William Tyndale's 1534 translation of the New Testament.
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